Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. Symptoms typically develop gradually and worsen over time. The most common symptoms include slowness of movement, tremors, and balance issues. While the exact cause of Parkinson’s is not fully understood, some cases are linked to genetic factors. Although there is currently no cure, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. (1)(2)


The risk of developing Parkinson’s increases with age, with the average onset age being around 60. The disease is slightly more common in men than in women. While it typically affects older adults, Parkinson’s can also occur in people as young as 20, though this is rare. (1)


Key Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s causes a range of motor and non-motor symptoms that progress over time, including: (2)

  • Tremors, often starting in the hands or fingers, sometimes in the feet or jaw.
  • Slowed movement (bradykinesia), making daily activities more difficult.
  • Muscle stiffness or rigidity.
  • Balance problems and an increased risk of falling.
  • Changes in speech, such as slurring or hesitation.
  • Difficulty with writing—handwriting may become smaller and less clear.
  • Reduced automatic movements such as blinking, smiling, or arm swinging when walking.


How Is Parkinson’s Diagnosed?

Parkinson’s disease is diagnosed by a neurologist through clinical evaluation. There are no specific blood tests or imaging scans that confirm the disease definitively. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and observation of symptoms. The doctor may order additional tests to rule out similar conditions and may schedule follow-up visits to monitor symptom progression.  (3)


It’s essential to seek care from a specialized and experienced medical team. At Al-Ahli Hospital’s Neurosurgery Department in Doha, we provide expert evaluation and state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management.


Treatment Options for Parkinson’s Disease

Although Parkinson’s cannot be cured, various medications can help control symptoms by replenishing or mimicking dopamine. In advanced cases, surgical options may be considered. (2)

Doctors may also recommend physical therapy for balance and stretching, and speech therapy for communication difficulties.


Medications

Neurologists may prescribe several types of medications for Parkinson’s, including: (3)

  • Levodopa-Carbidopa (e.g., Sinemet): The most effective treatment for Parkinson’s. Levodopa is converted into dopamine in the brain, while Carbidopa prevents its premature breakdown and reduces side effects like nausea and dizziness.
  • Inhaled Levodopa (Inbrija): Helps manage "off" episodes when oral medications temporarily stop working during the day.
  • Carbidopa-Levodopa Infusion (Duopa): For patients with advanced Parkinson’s who still respond to medication but need more consistent delivery. Administered as a gel directly into the small intestine via a feeding tube.
  • Dopamine Agonists (e.g., Pramipexole, Ropinirole): These do not convert to dopamine but mimic its effects in the brain. They are less effective than Levodopa but have longer-lasting effects and may be used in combination with Levodopa.
  • MAO-B Inhibitors (e.g., Selegiline, Rasagiline): These block the enzyme monoamine oxidase B, which breaks down dopamine, helping extend its effects. Used alone or with Levodopa.
  • COMT Inhibitors: These medications prevent the breakdown of Levodopa, prolonging its effect.
  • Amantadine: Used short-term to relieve mild early-stage symptoms.


Surgical Treatment

In some cases, neurologists may recommend Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)—a surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted in specific brain regions and connected to a device under the skin that sends electrical impulses to help control motor symptoms like tremors and dyskinesia.

DBS is particularly effective for patients who respond well to Levodopa. While it helps control symptoms, it does not stop disease progression and may require device adjustments or replacements. Researchers continue to explore ways to improve its effectiveness. (3)


Advanced Therapies

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound is an innovative, non-invasive technique used to target and treat tremors that do not respond to traditional medications. Focused ultrasound waves are directed at the exact brain region responsible for tremors, using MRI to guide the treatment. The energy raises the temperature in the targeted area to destroy abnormal tissue while sparing healthy brain structures.

This therapy is effective for tremor control but is not suitable for managing all Parkinson’s symptoms. Studies are ongoing to expand its use. (3)


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